Proximate analysis, Phytochemistry and Potentiality of some Parts of Sausage Tree (Kigelia africana (Lam) Benth) on Anopheles and Culex Larvae in the Gezira State, Sudan

Abstract

The plant kingdom is characterized by its multi-variant species, in structure, size, functions, composition and ecology. Oxygen compensation is one of the common functions of all plants, but some of which are foods, feeds, ornamental or as source of medicine. Kigelia is a River bank tree and is used mainly for shade. The objectives of this study were to run proximate and phytochemical analysis in addition to the lethal potentiality of Kigelia leaves, stems and fruits parts (aqueous extract) on Anopheles and Culex larvae. Kigelia tree parts were brought from Fadasi at the Blue Nile bank. Whereas, the mosquito larvae were brought from the breeding sites of Karkoug village. The leaves, stems and fruits of Kigelia tree were cleaned, shade dried, crushed and stored in plastic bags for the study tests. The approximate and the phytochemical analysis (qualitative screening for the main classes in addition to thin layer chromatography; TLC) were run according to the standard methods, whereas in the lethal potentiality test, one dose method was applied (at a selected dose of 1.2 g/L of water) for each plant part individually against the 3rd and early 4th instars of Anopheles or Culex larvae (as was recommended by the WHO). The exposure period was 24 hours, and the test was triplicated. The data were subjected to an appropriate statistical analysis using Excel Program. The results showed that, all plant parts were not similar in their proximate components, while they were similar in having saponin, terpinoids, and steroids. The TLC separated two different spots from each of the stem and fruits, while five different spots were separated from the leaves part. The lethal potentiality test revealed that, leaves were the more potent (100% mortality), followed by the stems (10.0%) and finally the fruits (0.0%) against Anopheles larvae. Relatively similar results were observed against Culex larvae (the mortalities were 100%, 15% and 0.0%, respectively, for the leaves, stem and fruit parts). The Kigelia tree showed promising proximate and phytochemical contents in addition to their lethal potentiality against Anopheles and Culex larvae (specially the leaves). The study recommends continuing research work to get the maximum benefit of this ignored tree.